Napoleon: Tyrant, or Hero?

Napoleon was a big man in all ways except stature, with big plans, big actions, big passions, and a big appetite. Throughout Napoleon’s political and military career, he accomplished many goals of the revolution that had underlying democratic values, which he spread all across Europe. However, Napoleon was also an egotistical and oppressive character, and he took away many individual rights that had been gained during the reign of terror.Napoleon was a tyrant, twisted by his own passions and big ideas, but that doesn’t mean he wasn’t heroic or that he didn’t accomplished any heroic feats. Although Napoleon seized power, he strived to strengthen his country, and gain a majority of the support, understanding that there aint(sic) no power like the power of the people. He soon had a group of lawyers write up a code of laws that governed the entirety of France, making a more just system of laws and taxation, as before the laws varied state to state, while the t axes varied by estate.While this stabilized the government and economy, and largely leveled the playing field among men, it also took away many women’s rights, and sacrificed certain rights to maintain Napoleon’s growing power. Those who crossed Napoleon or spoke out against him, whether in public or in the paper were targeted, and he destroyed printers that voiced ‘dangerous’ thoughts. During the same time period, Napoleon also took back the rights of free blacks in Saint Domingue that the slaves had won during a revolt of their own.The event that showed his domineering potential, and turned off many of his previous ‘fans’, was when Napoleon was crowned emperor. Up until this point, many intellectuals had admired Napoleon for his cunning, and France’s dramatic recovery under his careful guidance. However, as Napoleon snatched the crown from the Pope like an insolent child, another great mastermind drew a groan of pained frustration.Bee thoven had been writing a symphony in his honor when Bonaparte decided to show some more of his true colors, causing the musical genius to scratch his name off the board and rename it â€Å"eroica symphony†, as he felt Napoleon no longer embodied the heroic qualities he had been trying to portray.Few people originally had a problem with Napoleon becoming Emperor, as a plebiscite had granted him the title, however, his haughty show had proved him not to be quite the ‘hero on a white horse’ everyone had been hoping for, rather he was simply a talented,  tactically genius, fallible human, worth as much as any other, and deserving no more emphasis or admiration than any other. Once he had secured France and his position as Emperor there, he set his sights out to his looming neighbors. After conquering or allying with most of Europe, almost the whole continent felt the benefit of the exchange of revolutionary reforms and ideals that took place, as Napoleon abolished the feudal system, dethroned kings, and set up a fairer tax and law system wherever he went.Despite spreading these democratic ideals, after people had started suffering because of his anti-British campaign, Napoleon wouldn’t let his reins of power slip, and he crushed revolts or acts of patriotism in the conquered nations ruthlessly whenever they appeared. This was especially true after the Spanish and Portuguese had a successful revolution, giving other nations hope of a similar fate.Napoleon was a tyrant first and a hero second, for while I’m sure some of what he did was for the good of France, he cared far to much about sweetening his own pot of power, and a large quantity of the things he did, though great, were probably to maintain and enhance his power, as he had shown himself to be his own biggest fan, and in turn, his own biggest enemy. While Napoleon will forever remain great figure in history, his authority left no room for opposition or opposing, or differ ent, ideas, and this made him a tyrant.

Ddos Prevention Best Practices

To begin with, system hardening should be implemented on all University workstations, and especially the Web servers. This means turning off any unused services, closing all ports except those that are specifically needed for the operating roles of the servers, and ensuring that an anta;plus solution Is in place and regularly updated. Additionally, a strong patch management policy and procedure should be used to keep University computing assets up to date.This is to help prevent the exploitation of newly discovered vulnerabilities, and is part of the hardening process. All publicly available services, such as Web facing servers, DNS servers, and application servers, should be separated from private university resources. The separation should include enclosing the public servers in a DMZ. The DMZ should have firewalls in place on both sides of the network, to protect from external threats, and Internal ones. This separation also Isolates the servers from the rest of the network, in th e event one of them is compromised.Furthermore, PLANS should be implemented to break up broadcast domains, and IP subletting used to control outwork traffic, further isolating the public systems from the internal network devices. Also, A split DNS scheme that consists of an external DNS server separate from an Internal DNS server can help limit the Impact of DNS Dos style attacks. Network Address Translation (NAT) should remain in place, as it also has the effect of hiding the internal network from the Internet. Moreover, the blocking of IGMP or ping attempts should be blocked, at least externally, so that attempts to Identify systems from the Internet are reduced.As part of capacity planning, consideration should be made to plan for excess. This should help to absorb any Dodos attacks by having plenty of resources to maintain network operations. This Includes having more than adequate switch and router bandwidth, CAP]. And frame/packet processing ablest. Additional consideration sh ould be made to use different Internet Service Providers (ISP) for redundant connections. In the event of an attack, this has the benefit of having alternate paths to the Internet, providing redundancy and load sharing.When upgrading or replacing network equipment, anta-DoS capable devices should be carefully evaluated and selected. Intrusion Detection/Prevention Systems (DIPS) should be deployed, with the emphasis on prevention at the network perimeter. An inline device will be more effective placed behind the external facing firewall. The firewall is configured to allow only traffic that Is desired, blocking all other traffic, while the DIPS Is designed to block specific traffic and allow the rest. An DIPS device that uses both signature- 1 OFF positives, and therefore a better chance of detecting attacks.The DIPS device should be capable of sending alerts via email, SMS, and pager communication methods to Taft. The DIPS should also be configured to alter the firewall filtering ru les on the fly, in the event an attack is occurring. A period of fine tuning is necessary to reduce false positives, and ensure information is not lost due to miscommunication. Ingress and egress filtering needs to be implemented. This involves configuring the firewalls to block unreliable IP addresses as specified in RFC 1918, using Access Control Lists (Calls).This will help prevent IP address spoofing, and computing assets from being used to attack other organizations outside the University IP address pace. Egress filtering should only allow IP addresses to leave the University that fall within the range of allocated addresses. Log monitoring and review of all network and server devices should be performed regularly. In addition, IT staff should be alerted when suspicious activity or events are detected. For instance, repeated failed attempts to access a network device might indicate a password hacking attack. Performance baselines of essential network and server equipment needs to be documented.This will provide a metric of network utilization under normal operating conditions. Excessive use of resources above equipment baselines might indicate a Dodos attack. Also, establishing a performance baseline will aid in capacity planning and provide data for scalability and growth planning. A honesty with relaxed security should be installed. Its purpose is to draw hackers away from actual University computing assets by providing an easier target. It needs to be completely isolated from all other critical assets. The honesty should also be monitored, as data obtained from attacks can be used to shore up the rest of the network.An Incident Response Plan (RIP) needs to be drafted and provided to all University administrative staff. Potential items in the plan should include Points of Contacts (POCK), and handling procedures if an attack is suspected. In conjunction with the RIP, an Emergency Response Team (RET) comprised of senior network and information security p ersonnel, as well as members of the management team, should formalized. This team will be tasked with the responsibility as first responders to an attack. The RET should also have a Plan of Action (POP) more detailed than the RIP.Items in this Lana should include detailed network documentation, disaster recovery plans, any business continuity plans, ISP support numbers, etc. The combined effect of all of the measures previously described, will significantly lessen the impact of a Dodos attack. By no means is this document complete, and should be considered as a living document. As new threats emerge, additional or even different methods may be required to be put in place. Technology also improves over time, therefore a periodic review of the practices described should be conducted, and this document adjusted accordingly.

Reproductive Health Bill/RH Bill Essay

I am in favor of the Reproductive Health Bill/RH Bill, not because I don’t believe in God or I disobey His rules but let’s open our eyes on our countries status. As of now our country is growing and continues to grow. We are in number 65 out of 144 economies in the world. But, as you can see, we are still behind when regards to economic growth. I don’t believe those who say that over population is not a problem. Because, I do believe that overpopulation is a big, big problem. The Philippines is having a large population. And this large population is admittedly one of the main causes of our poverty since the government had difficulty in addressing the needs of its people. The population of the Philippines makes it â€Å"the 12th most populous nation in the world today†. RH Bill assures the availability and access to a full range of methods, techniques, supplies and services that contribute to reproductive and sexual health and well-being. With these, our nu mber will become manageable and eventually, our country will be in progress. RH bill doesn’t promote abortion but it rather prevents abortion. The RH bill protects the life of the both the mother and the baby in her womb. Supporting the bill is more PRO-LIFE. Life begins at fertilization. Therefore, if there’s no fertilization, there’s no life. The use of artificial contraception is not taking away life because life has not yet started. I am PRO RH Bill simply because it disturbs me to see people in my age carrying babies. And what’s more disturbing is their situation. They don’t have the capacity to support these babies. I am also PRO RH Bill because it could prevent maternal deaths. RH Bill also provides quality life for a family. And there would also be a population management. The RH Bill promotes awareness and education, which are the initial steps in creating a well-founded society. One of the key components of this bill is the advocacy of fa mily-planning for couples. This way, they can decide on the proper timing, spacing and number of their children, according to what their family can support. Managing population growth is not the sole solution to poverty but is a part of solution. I’m PRO RH BILL because it is PRO-LIFE, it is PRO-DEVELOPMENT, and it is PRO-POOR.

Visits to Career Centers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Visits to Career Centers - Essay Example The authors have undertaken a few different techniques of research for this paper. A total of 277 postal questionnaires were sent out to the post participants of the health career workshops. In the questionnaires, 15 out of the 68 questions related to the impact of the workshop on the career decision and the decision made by the respondents. These questionnaires were sent out in 2002. Following this, another set of similar questionnaires were sent out in 2005, to a total of 208 participants. Of the 2002 questionnaires, a total of 94 people responded and they were then invited to participate in a telephonic interview, to enable the authors gain as much information as possible about the career, course and the choice. The telephonic survey questionnaire was developed and designed to seek as much information about the course and the career decisions made by the participants. It also aimed at gaining the opinions of the participants about the effects of the attendance at the health career workshops. The researches were all conducted by the same person between November 2004 and December 2004. The findings of the research highlighted that almost 63 of the 70 people who attended the workshops were impacted to a great extent by the workshop. Their decision making was based on the workshop and helped them choose the right path for their career. A few of the respondents replied, The research also brought out different answers where the workshop had acted as a means for people to correct their career pathway and move into something which interested the respondents most. One of the responses reads: ‘I realised that health was not a career pathway for me. It made me realise that my interest lay in animal and not human health’. Another one of the responses read, ‘ Even though I have not chosen a health career, the workshop made me aware of a career in general and discussed many options about tertiary education, which

Applied Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Applied Law - Essay Example It is extravagant to allow the public to acquire entertainment materials in digital forms while compromising the right of writers, artists and musicians. It is challenging to attain the rights of both the public and that of writers and musicians in the debate on whether to allow fair use of copyright materials. To protecting the rights of writers and artists, production of copyrighted materials should be subject to constitutional protection. This includes constitutional protections as that of the copyright clause. The first amendment should apply in an effort to protect writers and artists’ rights. The law should protect encryption codes that are important in ensuring access to materials protected under the copyright act. It is a protection of the rights of writers and artists by disallowing fair use. Protection on the rights of the public is under constitutional provisions on the use of copyright materials. Allowing fair use does not, therefore, entail the protection of public rights. Instead, advocating for fair use of copyrighted materials is tantamount to a violation of the rights of artists. It is, therefore, impossible t o attain the rights of both the public and artists in the debate to allow fair use of copyrighted

Car Costs and New Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Car Costs and New Technologies - Essay Example Therefore, it does not look at the welfare of the people and the nation as a whole. On the other hand is the socialist economy. Most of the economists believe that government intervention and holdings are less efficient as they do not answer to the price changes or the change in the demand of the consumers. This is because the government relies on the tax collection for its revenues and less worried about the demand situation (US Department of State, 2010). Â  But still, most of the countries adopt some form of the mixed economy in allocating resources because they believe that both the private and the public sector play an important role. A mixed economy is a blend of free market and socialism. It is an economy that has a lot of freedoms but at the same regulations from the government keep a constant check. Â  The economists of these nations believe that some of the industries are better under the control of the government while others are better off under the supervision of the private entrepreneurs. For example, The development of the infrastructure; road, rail, air, and port, administration of justice, defense of the nation and education is under the control of the government. At the same time, there are certain institutions where the government intervenes in the market to settle out the price levels such as utilities, agriculture, and water. In this way, it regulates these likely monopolies (US Department of State, 2010). For example, Water and Power Development Authority keep a check on the charge of electricity in Pakistan keeping the best interests of the economy at heart. At the same time, the government regulates the private sector by creating standards and policies to guard the consumer interests and increase the welfare of the people.

Images of the Art and Science of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Images of the Art and Science of Nursing - Essay Example 1). Nursing as a science involves the scientific and theoretical explanation of certain phenomena. It observes, identifies, describes, and experiments on issues affecting the delivery of health. On the other hand, nursing as an art is the humanistic and creative application of the result of science. Basavanthappa (2004) identified that the art of clinical nursing is directed into four main goals: (1) understanding the patient’s condition, situation, or need, (2) enhancement of patient’s capability, (3) improvement of patient’s condition following a medical plan, and (4) prevention of remission and exacerbations which may cause anxiety, disability, or stress (p. 1). Contemporary nursing has evolved to a learned discipline and profession that combines the science and art of caring. Nursing combines scientific body of knowledge derived from primitive beliefs to high technology era and humanistic caring. Nursing focuses on the client’s response to illness, pro motes health, and assists clients to move to a higher level of wellness. Nursing also provide care and assistance during a terminal illness by providing comfort and preserving dignity during the end-phase of life (White, 2005, p. 41). The development of nursing as a science and an art is traced through its rich history, array of visual images, and influence of social factors. Image Selection To further describe the art and science of nursing, six images were selected which depicted the historical and modern concept of the art and science of nursing. Among the images chosen are of Florence Nightingale, patient settings during Crimean War, nurse-patient ratio during early times, contemporary nurse-patient interaction, operating room scenario, and health informatics in nursing. The images are described below: A. Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) pioneered the concept of modern nursing. She was also credited for uplifting the standards of nursing and developing nursi ng as a science and an art. Nightingale persistently advocated cleanliness, good nutrition, and fresh air as well as the reform in health care (White, 2005, p. 44). During this time, nurses, care for the wounded around the clock with the oil lamps along them to light their way in the darkness. Similarly, this oil lamp represents Nightingale for she was able to give light to the darkness of caring and implemented scientific and artistic caring. Through Florence Nightingale’s principles, nursing practice and environmental modifications resulted in reduced morbidity and mortality rates during the war. (White, 2005, p. 44) She also worked to gain the public’s approval in producing well-educated nurses and for the concepts that were still used today such as a systematic method of assessing clients, individualized care based on the client’s need and preferences, and confidentiality (White, 2005, p. 45). Nightingale is one of the most outstanding figures that truly ill ustrated the foundation of scientific and artistic nursing. (Image retrieved from http://i.acdn.us/image/A6732/67325/300_67325.jpg) B. The Crimean War The outbreak of war in the Crimea, a peninsula on the north shore of the Black Sea from 1854 to 1856 marked the historical evolution of nursing practice and the birth of scientific and artistic nursing. War casualties outrageously increase and the British government became the consistent subject of national criticism. In light

Niklas Luhmanns theory of the Mass Media System Essay

Niklas Luhmanns theory of the Mass Media System - Essay Example It reveals the twofold reality of the media between its own internal system and the reality it provides for the society externally. According to Luhmann, the mass media is made up of recursive, self-referencing communication programs whose functions are not directed by external values of knowledge, truthfulness or objectivity, political directives or specific social interests. Instead, Luhmann agrees that the functioning of the mass media is directed by the internal code information/non-information which allows the system to choose its information/news from its own environment. The mass media then communicates this information depending on its own reflective criteria (Luhmann 36). The basis for Luhmann’s theoretical construct was public suspicion of the mass media. According to Luhmann, we get to know about our society and the world in general through the mass media. This also includes our knowledge on nature. However, we are not in a position to trust this information because of the many things that we know about the mass media. This creates a contradiction which basically forms the unique modern and productive features of the mass media. First, the mass media can be compared with other social systems like science, law, business and politics which form operationally closed systems. Secondly, the cognition of mass media is self-referencing and closed. This is a feature that is only found in systems. This means that they have not distinguished the reality which they communicate daily reports, news and advertising as expected from the image they present. Instead, they create it. Although the created reality arises selectively, it is socially relevant and maintains its validity as long us we understand how it is developed, produced and consumed. The usual way of dealing with the contradiction in the mass media is to suspect that there is some form of manipulation in the

International Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Business Law - Essay Example ase between Gupta and ACG, Gupta after receiving an invitation from ACG to purchase 10 MR5 computers is claiming a breach of contract on the part of ACG because of the latter’s action of selling the computers to a different buyer. In this regard, the following legal issues arise: first, was a contract concluded between the two involved parties? Second, was Gupta’s acceptance valid and has it been communicated to ACG. Third, was ACG’s revocation valid? Fourth, considering the aforementioned legal issues, is Gupta correct in claiming that ACG was in breach of contract? Hence, given that the aforementioned legal issues are concerned with the formation of contracts regarding the international sale of goods, the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods (Vienna Convention) or Common Law can apply. In order to determine whether a breach of contract took place, one must determine whether a contract exists. For a contract to exist, however, it must be concluded through the valid acceptance of an offer (Art 14). In this regard, it is questionable whether the acceptance sent by Gupta was valid. Article 19  § 1 of the Vienna Convention states that â€Å"A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counter-offer.† In this respect, the words â€Å"on the assumption that† in the letter sent by Gupta questions the validity of the acceptance because it can be considered as a modification of the contract since there was no indication regarding the date or manner of delivery in the initial offer sent by ACG. Thus, since there was no contract formed because there was no valid acceptance; Gupta cannot hold ACG in breach of contract. In this regard, ACG’s revocation of the offer will hold. This rule is also similar to the rules under Common Law which states that acceptance of an offer must be communicated â€Å"according to the terms in which the

SWOT &TWOS analysis of QATAR NATIONAL BANK and MASHREQ bank Essay

SWOT &TWOS analysis of QATAR NATIONAL BANK and MASHREQ bank - Essay Example The Qatar National Bank is one of the most secure banks in the world. The number of recorded cases of fraud and theft in Qatar national Bank is recorded to be at the minimum. This is mainly because of the sharia laws that they uphold and their tight security when it comes to safeguarding their assets. Although it is the most dominant bank in the middles east and North Africa, it has not exploited the western and westernized countries whose main religion is Christianity such as Americas, Europe and southern parts of Africa. Since it is an Arabic/Islamic Bank, most western investors and would-be clients in countries such as Germany, The USA and Europe, are resilient to bank with them due to the notion that they might be supporting terrorists or due to their strong diplomatic loyalty to their country. Most African countries have a high number of Muslims and Arabs. Due to this the Qatar National Bank has a high opportunity to expand in these areas through acquisitions and promoting more people to join Islamic banking. (Hossain & Leo, 2009) Over the years there has been an increase in the demand for bond market in the Middle East, most Islamic states and Qatar in general. This is a great opportunity for Qatar National Bank to expand as the actions propel the growth of banks There is a great opportunity to exploit the western countries. This can be done through campaigns to discourage acts of terrorism and campaigns to unite the eastern and western countries together to eradicate the fear that western clients might have. Due to the recent introduction of more banks who are offering services at a lower price, their might be a decrease in foreign investments in the Middle East and Qatar which will in the long run affect the bank (Mostafa 2009) Mashreq bank is globally known and is one of the most productive and effective banks in the United Arab Emirates UAE. It has also achieved recognition by the

Audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Audit - Essay Example Recent news that European Parliament has voted for bringing mandatory auditor rotation into the EU region has once again reminded to the global society about the necessity to improve auditor’s independence and stressed the importance of this measure. The aim of this research was to provide an overview of the auditor's independence and the mandatory auditor rotation and to analyze whether compulsory auditor rotation will improve the overall auditor independence and audit quality. Under mandatory auditor rotation, it is understood that a business or a client firm should not retain the same auditor for more than a specified period of time. There are many different views and opinions regarding the correlation between auditor's independence and auditor rotation reforms. While some experiments published in the accounting literature indicate on some potential benefits of this measure, other studies illustrate that there is no positive effect for auditor rotation and moreover, it may cause the adverse effect. The majority of opponents believe that mandatory audit firm would not improve audit quality, but will result in increased time and distraction of management, as new auditors will require more time for understanding company’s business practices, operations, and financial reporting processes. While there are proponents of mandatory audit rotation, stating that this measure will enable to improve auditors’ independence, the number of arguments put forward by the opponents of this idea is much greater.

John Irving, a prayer for owen meany Essay Example for Free

John Irving, a prayer for owen meany Essay In the first chapter of A Prayer for Owen Meany, John Irving displays an expansive, articulate style that relies heavily on rich descriptions to create detailed portraits of the New England of his youth, especially the title character who inspires him to believe in God and Christ. Irving’s language throughout the chapter is articulate and his sentences long, perhaps to accommodate his rather abundant, detailed descriptions; it is almost oratorical without being florid or long-winded, reflecting the fact that the narrator is descended from a prominent New England family (including the Puritan minister for whom he is named). He also relies heavily on memories, moving from his recollections of Owen to broader discussions of his own family and hometown, creating a context for the subsequent action and thus giving his memories a deeper meaning. In addition, Irving uses Owen as a symbol of Christ-like divinity – the boy is something of a martyr for his suffering (indeed, he never tells on his peers for their abuses), and yet he takes away the narrator’s mother, however unintentionally, by hitting the foul ball that kills the narrator’s mother (hence the chapter’s title, â€Å"The Foul Ball†). Irving avoids sounding childish by using articulate adult language, but he conveys a child’s point of view by speaking in a matter-of-fact way about how he and his peers picked on the frail, undersized Owen. He conveys no immediate judgments or apologies for his actions (indeed, as a child he feels no shame for it), and he does not analyze his motivations. For example, when Owen offers a surprisingly mature complaint about church services, the narrator says, â€Å"To these complaints, and others like them, I could respond only by picking up Owen Meany and holding him above my head† (Irving 23), showing how other children are unable to comprehend Owen. He also implies adults’ stupidity by mentioning his oblivious Sunday school teacher and how the police chief and coach quarrel over the ball after his mother’s death. The author wants the reader to understand his world (hence the detailed discussions of his town, family, and relationship with Owen) and especially Owen’s complex role in it. Though he mentions his Christianity at the very start, the narrator does not preach or scold the reader, admitting that he is a rather lazy Christian but also making clear that he feels deeply indebted to him (despite Owen’s role in his mother’s death) and makes the reader feel sympathy for the victimized Owen. Irving’s language is richly descriptive without becoming tedious, and he recalls Owen’s characteristics humorously, especially his diminutive size and high-strangled voice (Owen’s words always appear in capitals). Irving communicates respect for Christianity, but not for the ritual or doctrine – he admits his laziness and calls his approach â€Å"a church-rummage faith† (Irving 2). Instead, he believes in the divine power channeled through Owen, whose intelligence and deep understanding of God set him apart from his peers. Irving implies that both the narrator and New England, despite their Puritan past, find religion uninspiring until Owen appears, and that Owen has vastly more potential to influence events than is shown in the first chapter. More explicitly, he evokes New England’s provincial values, especially the split between insiders (the descendants of Puritans, like the narrator) and outsiders (later arrivals, like Owen’s Irish-Catholic family), and Irving contrasts the region’s harsh religious past with the narrator’s spiritual barrenness, for which Owen ultimately becomes a remedy. In the book’s first chapter, Irving shows the reader a rich picture of his characters’ world, creating the context in which the narrator’s transition from nonbeliever to Christian occurs. He presents Owen in a sympathetic light, as a wise yet victimized figure whose suffering and kindness bring enlightenment into a milieu that needs it. Irving, John. A Prayer for Owen Meany. New York: Ballantine, 1989.

Architecture of the 20th Century

Architecture of the 20th Century While discussing the subject of architecture of the 20th century, the discussion is incomplete without a special mention of Robert Venturi. The man started his life in Philadelphia on 25th June, 1925 he went on to become one of the most prevalent names in American architecture. The information on Venturi includes a special mention of his wife Denise Scott Brown. 1960 was the year they first meet , got married in 1967 they have always been together ever since . This husband and wife team did remarkable work in the region of architecture, launching themselves with their joint venture better recognized as Venturi, Scott Brown Associates (VSBA). Architecture steeped in popular symbolism. Kitsch had become art in designs which exaggerate or stylize cultural icons. [1] Some of the most important design strategies adopted by Brown were theory is not the rule of thumb, learn to copy, drawing-a must have, ideation is constant etc. According to Robert and Denise, theory is not the rule of thumb. While most architects glued to theory when it comes to planning designs, Robert Venturi and Denise Scotte Brown thought the opposite way. According to them design process should not be dominated by the theory. This was despite the fact that both of them were well known theoreticians. Venturi even went on to say that the artist is not someone who designs in order to prove his or her theory and certainly not to suit an ideology[2] While most of the architects followed the philosophy of not copying, Venturi and Brown had a different point of view here too. They believed that they could learn more by copying the works of the masters. As Venturi correctly puts forth, It is better to be good than to be original. [3] But, this in no way meant a complete imitation. To this, Denise Scott Brown makes it clear that they copy ideology that they copy ideologies. The duo only took copying to the extent of drawing inspiration. Their inspiration was a base to develop further designs. Venturi says, You have to have something basic that you either build on or evolve from or revolt against. You have to have something there in the first place and the only way to get it is to copy, in a good sense of the word.[3] One, of course, needs to possess certain skills to leave a mark the field of architecture. According to Robert and Denise, drawing was the most essential one. Referring to the skill as a facility between hand and mind, Denise Scott Brown also said that it was essential for designers to master drawing in order to succeed. She believed that it often happened that the hand draws something, which the mind interprets in a different way and you draw a whole new idea from it. In an era where everyone thought that handwriting has a little significance as everything can be done using specially designed software, the duo has its arguments ready. People who can draw very well and who control line weight well in hand technique are the ones who use the computer imaginatively,[4] they asserted. Who says that you need to sit down in a board room to ideate? Well, not Venturi at least. In his opinion ideation cannot be bound by place or time; he believed that one could ideate anytime and anywhere, even while talking. Venturi alleged that even while talking one suddenly sees something else out of the corner of their eye and they think of something they wouldnt have done otherwise. He also opined that you ideate more while working on other projects and averred the idea only comes after great struggle and agony.[5] Some of the important buildings built by the duo are The Vanna Venturi House, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1962, Brant House in Greenwich, Connecticut in 1973, Gordon Wu Hall in Princeton, New Jersey in 1983, Bank building in Celebration in Florida in 1994 and many more. Since mid 1960s Robert and Denise greatly altered the landscape of the American Architectural thought their processes and practices with their design strategies. Robert Venturis book Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture became a uniting point for budding architects around the globe who had become cynical with the stylistic restrictions of the International Style as a result of which the book provided a manifesto for the Post-Modern movement in architecture. Followed by this out of his teachings at Yale came his 1972 book Learning from Las Vegas which was co-authored by Steven Izenour and Denise Scott Brown. The architectural world was once again astonished by this work. The the gaudy and the sign-filled Vegas strip was transformed from being an architectural aberration to a vernacular art form which deserve serious study. Venturi felt that the Decorated Shed and various other types of roadside buildings offered design lessons that could not be left attended, an he argued that architects require to face the reality and symbolize the popularly built environment with buildings corresponding to that environment.[6] Kitsch is reflected as a form of art that is substandard and is a tasteless copy of an a complementary style of art or is a nugatory replica of art of recognized value.[7] The deliberate use of elements that may be considered as cultural icons is what this concept is related to Kitsch can also be defined as the genres of art that aesthetically lack whether or not being theatrical, sentimental, glamorous, or creative and that make creative gestures which simply reflect the superficial appearances of art by means of repeated conventions and formulae. This term is often associated with excessive sentimentality. [8] The emergence of postmodernism in the 1980s, blurred the borders between kitsch and high art yet again. The approval of what is called camp taste which may be related to, but is not the same as camp when used as a gay sensibility was one development. An unreal or an assumed illustration from the world of painting would be a kitsch image of a deer by a lake. In making camp, panting a sign beside it, saying No Swimming. The majestic or romantic perception of a stately animal would be punctured by humor; the conception of an animal receiving a a penalty for the breach of the rule is out rightly ludicrous. The primordial, reflective sentimentality of the motif is neutralized, and thus, it becomes camp. A few things that posed as interesting challenges were the conceptual art and deconstruction, because, talking of kitsch, in favour of elements that enter it by relating to other spheres of life they downplayed the formal structure of the artwork. Inspite of this fact, many in the art world continue to latch onto some sense of the dichotomy between art and kitsch, excluding all sentimental and realistic art from being considered seriously. This has come under the scanner of the critics, who now argue for a renewed art and figurative painting, without the concern for it appearing innovative or new. Whatever may be the scenario, there is difficulty in defining boundaries between kitsch and fine art since the beginning of postmodernism, the word kitsch is commonly used to label anything seen as being in poor taste still. This postmodern architecture influenced by Venturi was further prejudiced by many architects like Philip Johnson and Robert A.M Stern. When talking about American architecture, there is no way one can miss out on Philip Johnson. One of the most notable and renowned American architects, he was the winner of the first Pritzker Architecture Prize. For establishing the Department of Architecture and Design at the Museum of Modern Art, New York is credited to him. Philip was born in 1906 in Cleveland. He played a vital role in creating and understanding the urban skyscrapers through America. Johnson was an advocate of simple style and thus he played a significant role in strengthening the minimalist trend. The work of various modern architects, including Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier was comprehensively supported by Johnson. He was a co-author of the popular book, The International Style. The techniques of the Bauhaus were introduced to America by this book. By the time Johnson reached the age of mid-thirties he  was discontented with his role of an author and curator. So he studied under the architect Marcel Breuer at The Graduate School of Design. Johnson designed his own home in New Canaan, Connecticut soon after his graduation. His first architectural work, his house is considered one of his most remarkable works. The house was a glass house and featured an exposed steel frame. Johnson continued with his architectural quest and went on to design numerous public buildings and houses after his own house. Johnson designed some of his well-known works, notably the Seagram Building in New York City during this time. Johnson had a more inspired than individualistic stint with architecture initially. His initial work carried a strong bear mark of Mies van der Rohe. However, an individualistic touch could be seen in his work by 1960s. Infused with historical elements, his style of architecture showcased how one could aesthetically incorporate domes and colonnades in a building. He created some of his most monumental works of his life only after he discovered his individualistic architectural sense. Some of these include the Sheldon Art Gallery at the University of Nebraska, the New York State Pavilion at the Worlds Fair and the New York State Theater in New York City. By the 1970s and 1980s, he began experimenting with the texture and color of the exterior of his creations at large though he was still stuck with his original style of architecture. Today in his nineties, Johnson is considered as one of the last modern architects that we have. With a run of nearly 70 years in the field of architecture, he has surely carved his niche and will continue to inspire many architects in the times to come. Another popular name in American architecture is of Robert Arthur Morton Stern, also known as Robert A.M. Stern. He is an American architect and presently the Dean of Yale University School of Architecture. His work is usually described as postmodern. However, a dominating emphasis on continuity of tradition in his work is witnessed which cannot be ruled out. No wonder, he recently used the phrase modern traditionalist to describe his work. As a designer in the office of Richard Meier he started his career in 1966. But he soon quit from his job and established his own firm, Stern and Hagmann in 1969. He formed the firm with a fellow student at the Yale University named John S. Hagmann. This was followed by the establishment of the successor firm, Robert A.M. Stern Architects, a name still very popular in American architecture. He has a broad portfolio to his credit when talking about his work. Some of his more notable projects in the public domain include Lakewood Public Library in Lakewood, Ohio, the main library in Columbus, Federal Reserve Bank in Atlanta and many more. Stern was also a notable author apart from being a successful architect. He has authored New York 1880, New York 1960, and New York 2000- a series that documents the evolution and history of the architecture of New York City. This postmodern architecture has his roots deep in the past, as is evident from his work. His buildings showcase a deep affection for the past. His most notable project with The Walt Disney Company reiterates the same. He served the company in the position of Board of Director for the tenure 1992-2003. His boardwalk at Disney World is suggestive of an American seaside village from the early 20th century. You will be reminded of how architecture has evolved from Victorian to the Vienna Secessionist movement while you have a look at his buildings. The mini village beautified with artifacts from various eras, though not exactly historical, comes across as a dream like walk. And not to forget the Beach club, that reflects the 19th century American Resort architecture in its true form. With a huge pool of work and a design philosophy that combined the best of modernism and tradition, Stern is certainly not a name to be forgotten in the architectural realm. Though his broad horizon of work is a feat in itself, he has several other achievements to his credit as well. A Driehaus Prize laureate, he went on to win several awards. In the year 1984, he was awarded with the AIA New York Chapters Medal of Honor. He was also conferred the Chapters Presidents Award in 2001. He also has to his credit the Scully Prize from the National Building Museum, Athena Award from the Congress for the New Urbanism and the Board of Directors Honor from the Institute of Classical Architecture and Classical America. Since long and even now Philips designs in PoMo mode reveal a decent to the level of kitsch that appears lest camp in its motivation than simply and unmitigately cheap in its effect [9]. In the aesthetic program of Robert Venturi kitsch and the area of everyday culture was used. But at the same time in his artistic designs, he generally elevated them. In the circle of architects Robert Venturi an Robert A M Stern, the so called Greys Designers whose work used the hybrid culture idioms of American day to day life as starting points of their new artistic direction including kitsch and pop. [10] Thus Robert Venturi, Philip and Robert A M Stern are three flamboyant modern architects whose contribution to architecture have a made a difference to the architectural world.

Various factors which will affect the grain markets

Various factors which will affect the grain markets Stopford (2009, p.1) says that forecasting is not an impossible task, but successful forecasting calls for a bit of smoke and mirrors. Forecasting is important because it helps the business to prepare for the future. This essay will forecast the grain shipping markets by analysing various factors which will affect the grain markets. This essay will forecast for the next 3 months as current grain crop year finishes in June 2010. The grain trades are unpredictable, with the tonnage requiring shipment hugely dependent on the size of harvests in the producing regions, and in those consuming countries whose imports largely depend on the size of their own crops. It is a trade where the flexibility of sea transport really counts. This essay will look into various supply and demand factors affecting the shipping industry by giving previous statistical data and then analyse and forecast the data for the supply and demand factors. BACKGROUND OF TOPIC The history of grain trade is as old as the birth of civilisation. International shipment of grain was also present during the ancient Greece and roman empires. In the modern days grain trading plays an important role in the global economy and governments have a special claim over the grain. Grain has an economic and political importance and is also one of the major issues while policy making (Atkin, 1995). Grain in essence means wheat, corn (Maize) etc. Soya bean is also considered grain as categorised in International grain code. Soya bean market will not be considered in this essay. Grain is shipped mainly my handy size and panamax size ships, very rarely capsize ships are used. (Atkin, 1995 and Genco Shipping, 2010) There are mainly five big players in the grain industry such as Cargill and they account to almost three-quarters of the world grain shipment (Atkin, 1995). Grain is traditionally exported from America and Argentina while importing nations are Japan, Middle East natio ns. Grain trade routes have changed in recent times because of industrialisation and technology advancement. The changes in trade routes are because of availability of information from leading indicators and traders can forecast the grain production. Some of the key leading indicators are the Baltic dry index which gives the reflection of the freight rates of commodities (Iron ore, coal, grain) that are shipped around the world. Another good indicator for grain is the IGC grain freight index (FAO, 2009). It is similar to BDI but is calculated only for grain cargo. Grain trading information is available on the FAO, Grain council, UNCTAD and USDA websites. Source: Noble group, 2010 FORECASTING AND ANALYSIS OF GRAIN MARKET Forecasting shipping market is concerned with the futures of the markets as a whole. Forecasting looks at the external environment in which a shipping company operates. The main objective is to examine the world grain market and prepare a forecast for the next three months. Overall supply and demand factors statistical analysis will be done and how these factors will affect the freight rate markets will be analysed (Stopford, 1997). Prior to making an analysis it is very important to understand the business cycle of shipping industry. As per Stopford, 1997, p.42 it is a process by which the market co-ordinates supply with changes in demand by means of familiar cycle of booms and slumps. When forecasting the shipping market understanding of business cycle is very important. There are four stages of cycle as shown in the diagram (Stopford, 1997). Traders should understand the stages of shipping cycles and accordingly plan their decisions. Stages in Dry Market cargo cycle Source: Stopford, 1997 Key Indicators Baltic Dry index (BDI) is a key indicator for bulk trade and is an economic indicator for future trades. The business cycle is analysed by using the BDI. BDI shows for all dry bulk cargoes and for all trade routes. Another key indicator is the Grain Freight Index (GFI). It takes into consideration only grain cargoes. It is composed of 15 major grain routes, representing the main grade trade flows. Cape size vessels are not included only handy size and panamax vessels are included in the calculation of GFI. (FAO, 2009) Source: FAO, 2009 CURVE OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN TRAMP SHIPPING Shipping industry is a derived demand. There are various factors which affect the shipping markets. The supply demand model explains the various factors which affect the shipping industry. The graph below shows the supply and demand curves in tramp shipping. Demand for shipping grain in short term is in-elastic as grain is a basic necessity. But if the price of shipping increases then in the longer run the importer looks for alternative options (Volk, 2002). Supply is mainly related to number of ships in the market, and available ships for transporting cargo. Normally in liner trade the supply curve starts off with minimum rate and in good market conditions where supply of ships is less than demand the curve rises, but it remains there for a short span (Volk, 2002). Analysis of these supply and demand factors is very essential to understand the shipping market and prepare a forecast. Source: (Volk, 2002). The graph shows the relationship between demand and supply in grain trading. Increase in demand during bad market conditions (D1 to D2) does not have influence on freight rate (P1 and P2) as sufficient tonnage is available. The increase in demand (D3 to D4) leads to a significant rate increase (P3 to P4) (Volk, 2002). ANALYSIS OF DEMAND SIDE FACTORS The world economy The world economy plays a very important role in influencing the ships demand. There is a very close relationship between countries becoming wealthier and increase in demand for grain transport by sea. Hence understanding of the global economy is important to judge the trends in the grain trade. (Stopford, 1997).The world GDP is increasing every year and as per statistics from IMF in 2008 the world GDP increased by 3.0 % and in 2009 it decreased by -0.8%. In the emerging economies like China 8.7% and India 5.6% GDP growth is enormous and the countries are developing fast (IMF, 2010). As can be seen from the diagram below, as the countries develops economically the demand for commodities traded by sea increases. It is a cyclic process where the increase in seaborne trade helps the countries to economic growth and the world markets grow. More over globalisation has also resulted in growth of seaborne trade. (Stopford, 1997). Source: Author generated China and India also have a very high population. The capacity of developing countries especially China and India to consume basic foodstuff such as bread have increased. Hence it has directly affected the global consumption of grain and hence the increase in trade (Atkin, 1995). As countries get wealthier they also tend to change their dietary patterns. The demand for meat is increasing every year. This is directly affecting the coarse grain trade (USDA, 2008). Almost 70% of coarse grain consumption is in the form of animal feed (Atkin, 1995). Seaborne commodity trades Grain accounts to about 7% of the world seaborne trade as per Clarksons (2008 cited in Scott, 2010). Grain trade is driven by production and consumption trends in different areas of the world, by the local weather conditions and crop yields and changing pattern of food consumption. Grain is also used for making bread or pasta or feed to animals to produce meat (ICS, 2004). Grain is grown very widely around the world. In the northern hemisphere there is USA, Canada European union and in the southern hemisphere there is Argentina and Australia. Hence harvests are crops reach seaborne trade throughout the year (Genco Shipping, 2010). Most of the grain grown in China and India is used for local consumption and hence it does not affect the seaborne trade. Countries like USA produce grain for exporting stock up the grain in SILOS which also helps the grain trade to flow throughout the year (Atkin, 1995 and IGC, 2010). Worlds grain trade has increased over the year s, as per current data the trade has increased from 215 million tons in 2005/06 to 239 million tons in 2007/08 (FAO, 2009). Source: Clarkson 2008 cited in Scott 2010. There are seasonal variations due to climatic conditions and difference in productivity of soil (Atkin, 1995). Seaborne grain trade is also affected by natural calamities, earthquakes such as one in Haiti in 2010. Other Factors such as a drought or flood in China may force the country in the one or other year to import grain from the USA (Volk, 2002). Over the years the grain production is associated with instability in production. This is result of extensive spread of high yield seeds and cultivation technology. This has resulted in farmers in different regions are exposed to similar problems like fertilizer prices, crop disease (Atkin, 1995). The seaborne trade of grain also depends upon which part of the world is good harvest of which type and quality of grain (Atkin, 1995). Majority of the produced grain crop is used for domestic consumption as is the case with India and China. Countries such as USA and Australia produce grain only for exporting (Atkin, 1995). As per statistics from IGC total grain production for year 07/08 was 1697 million tons out of which only 239 million tons was traded in the world market (FAO, 2009). Grain statistics is calculated for the crop year starting from June every year. Hence the data available for forecasting will be only till June 2010 because of the harvest season. (Scott, 2010) As grain production depends upon so many factors it is difficult to get an outlook in future because of the current growing season in the northern hemisphere which is influential in forecasting of grain. International grain council publishes its grain forecast only after June every year (Scott, 2010). Average haul Demand for sea transport is directly related to distance over which the cargo is shipped. Sea transport demand is measured in tonne mile. Ton mile = Tonnage of cargo shipped x Average distance over which it is transported Source: UNCTAD, 2009, p.30 As seen from the above table the world seaborne trade for grain in ton-mile has increased over the years from 475 billion ton-mile in 1970 to 2,029 billion ton-mile in 2008. The average haul for grain has increased over the years which are directly affecting the demand for ships (Platou, 2010). Transport of grains and soybeans were also longer in 2009, mainly due to increased Asian sourcing from Atlantic exporters. (Platou, 2010, p.22). Political events and Agricultural policies Political events indirectly affect the demand for transport of grain cargoes. The impacts of wars will affect the trade for a short term. Political embargo such as, The grain embargo, introduced by the United States on the USSR after the invasion of Afghanistan, reduced Russian grain supplies by about six million tonnes in 1979/80. This affected a change in the grain trade as Russia had to buy grain from other nations such as Canada, Australia and EU (Tarrant, 2002). Agricultural policies in countries also affect the world grain market. Policies made directly affect the production of grain and it also protects the farmers from the world market conditions (ATkin,1995). India had imposed a grain export ban because it wanted to use the produced grain for its internal market. India which is the second largest producer of wheat is now planning to lift the ban on exports because this year wheat output is going to be more than required for local consumption. Hence in the interest of the country India will open its grain markets to the world. (Hellenic shipping news, 2010). Key players in grain trade There are five major international grain trading companies. These players account to three-quarters of the grain shipped internationally. Hence these companies have the power to manage the physical flow of grain from farmer to consumer (Atkin, 1995). The shipping part of grain is very complex and is also very risky. Grain is traded extremely widely and hence informational network need to operate on a global scale. The big grain companies have information systems which provide them information from every country. Their agents are located in every significant grain producing, exporting, and importing nation, monitoring the weather, economic trends, crop conditions and political development. Hence the economics of scale deter new entrant from entering into the grain market. Hence these big companies can be influential in affecting the markets (Atkin, 1995). ANALYSIS OF SUPPLY SIDE FACTORS The supply side factors mainly consist of the ships which are available and operating in the market. The supply of ships is mainly controlled by four decision makers, Ship owners, charterers, bankers and various regulatory authorities which make rules. The supply of shipping capacity depends upon the judgment made by these players. To understand this first we will discuss the supply side factors and how they are influence by the freight rates. World fleet Historically grain cargo is carried onboard general cargo ships. By the late 1950s bulk carriers appeared into the shipping market. Eventually there where ships built which could carry grain cargo. These ships construction was such that they had self trimming holds which would make them safer to carry grain in bulk. The use of large bulk carriers was instrumental in growth of bulk trade. For grain transportation handy max and panama ships are normally used, but on some occasions cape size bulk carriers are also used (Stopford, 1997). There has been rapid change in the size of the bulk fleet and with new technology and designs such as self un-loaders coming up investors have to make complex decision when ordering new ships. As can be seen from the table the bulk merchant fleet has grown from 276 m dwt in 2000 to 418 million dwt in 2009 (UNCATAD, 2009). The panamax ships have increased from 65.4 m dwt in 1999 to 121.1 m dwt in 2009 while the handy max market has increased f rom 45.3 m dwt in 1999 to 91.9 m dwt in 2009. (Clarksons, 2010 cited in Scott, 2010) Source: (Lloyds Register Fairplay cited in UNCTAD, 2009) Fleet productivity Fleet productivity is calculated to understand the condition of the current markets. The fleets operating performance changes in response to market conditions such as E.g. If market is favourable then a grain carrier ship after completing its loaded voyage can carry cargo during its return voyages. This will increase the productivity of ships. As can be seen from the graph below the ton-mile per deadweight of the bulk fleet has not changed over the past couple of years. This is mainly because of good market conditions in the last three years. Source: UNCTAD, 2009, p.94 Ship building production New ships added into the fleet plays an important part in the supply and demand markets. This helps to level out the demand or it can also cause oversupply of ships. New ships added into the market do not create a short term effect but it is a long term effect. For ships to be built and to deliver time taken is as much as from 6months to 4years. Hence orders for ships are placed as per the estimate demand for cargo. During the bulk carrier building boom in mid-1980s bulk carriers had developed a dominant role in shipbuilding, which resulted in overproduction and surplus of ships. The dry-bulk market new building market has been comparatively stable as compared to the tanker markets (Stopford, 1997). The graph below shows the delivery of new build ships over the years has increased and was at its peak in 2007 and 2008 when the market was booming. This also shows that investors can be driven by market sentiments and buy ships in the current booming market at sk y high prices and fail to understand that ships will be delivered after 2 to 3 years time. Source: UNCTAD, 2009. Scrapping The fleet size also depends upon scrapping and loss of ships. Scrapping also balances the size of fleet in the market. Scrapping of ships is mainly depended upon the market conditions and also factors such as age, scarp prices, current earnings of ships, and change in regulations (Stopford, 1997). Scrapping of ships is normally a decision made in interest of the business. The futures market is also taken into consideration when making such decision (UNCTAD, 2009). As seen from table below percentage of scrapping of ships was very less in the booming period from year 2005 to 2008 as compared to years 2000 to 2004. This clearly shows that scrapping is mainly decided according to market conditions. Source: UNCTAD, 2009. * Vessels over 10000 dwt Freight rates Freight rates influence the supply of sea transport. The shipping business depends upon freight rates and it is the ultimate market regulator. (Stopford, 1997) In grain trading freight rate plays an important role in the marketing chain of grain market. Grain is a bulky and low value commodity, hence transportation costs account for a substantial part of the price of grain. The ocean freight rates for grain are variable and volatile. They are not co related with the price of grain. This is mainly because grain prices cycles are mainly driven by weather conditions, agricultural policy and general economic development (Atkin, 1995). While freight rates are derived by market conditions, supply and demand factors. One of the main factors of grain market is unlike other cargoes where geographical regions are defined grain imports are done by a range of countries with varying capacity. Hence grain markets are mainly spot charter markets, where freight rates are fixed on spot . Normally in grain trading tramp steamers are hired on a voyage charter basis. Freight rates are determined by the overall balance in supply/demand of vessels and cargo (Atkin, 1995). FORECASTING OF GRAIN TRADE World economy The worlds GDP as per statistics from IMF shows 3.9% increase for the year 2010 (Clarksons, 2010 cited in Scott, 2010). This is more due to the growth in emerging economies which is expected to rise by 6 percent. Advanced economies are expected to rise by 2% in 2010. Due to strength in demand from emerging economies commodity prices are expected to rise a bit (IMF, 2010). Global Population is going to grow at an assumed average of about 1.1 percent per year. Population in developing countries are going to increase more than the population in the developed countries. With fast industrialisation and urbanisation of developing countries and increase in young population in developing countries the demand for grain is going to see and upward trend (ERSUSDA, 2008). Seaborne commodity trade Grain production will be mainly dominated by USA followed by Argentina which is the second largest and then Canada and Australia. The world main grain exporters and importers are shown in the graphs below. Exports of grain will be dominated by USA where as Imports will be mainly from the Asia/Pacific region followed by Latin America Africa and Middle East (Genco Shipping 2010 IGC, 2010). As per International grain council for the crop year 2009/10 wheat and coarse grain trade may fall by 17.6 million tonnes or 7% to 230.8 million tons (Scott, 2010). Source: IGC, 2010 Source: IGC, 2010 Source: IGC, 2010 Wheat and Corn (Maize) are the major grains which are traded in the global market and they account for almost 89% of the world grain trade (IGC, 2010). Wheat and Coarse grain outlook Wheat crop production has touched a record high in Russia, Algeria and Australia. Also world wheat stocks in the five major exporting nations have forecasted an eight year high. As per estimates wheat imports will be reduced due to good harvest in importing countries such as Middle East and North Africa (Scott, 2010). Worlds corn harvest will remain unchanged for the year 2009/10. The projected corn trade for 2009/10 (October-September) is at 84.9 million tons which is lot lower than 2007/08 which is 101 million tons. Imports by Vietnam and China are increased slightly but it is not going to affect much in the world trade (USDA, 2010). The corn trade is going to increase because of more shipments to Canada, Brazil and Syria. Exports from Argentina and Brazil are going to increase due to good harvest. This is going to affect the USA corn exports which will be less this year (IGC, 2010). Moreover USA is using corn for industrial purpose to produce ethanol which will also have an impact on its corn exports (USDA, 2010). Grain imports into Asia (Excluding Japan) are also expected to be slightly lower in 2009/10 by 2%. Pakistans imports may fall by almost 87% as compared to last year due to good domestic harvest (Scott, 2010). European Union imports will also be down by 20% because of good domestic crop availability. Middle East imports are also expected to be lower by almost 19% (Scott, 2010). Japan imports over the years are showing a downward trend which will continue for the remaining part of the year. South Koreas wheat and coarse grain imports may be 9% higher as there is increase in demand for feed grain (Scott, 2010). Overall wheat and coarse grain trading is going to see a decline till the end of June 2010. This effect is mainly because of less demand for wheat in the market. As per Scott (2010) global seaborne trade for grain will pick up from Mid-2010 onwards. Domestic crop in the northern hemisphere is the key influencing factors, because of the current growing season it is very difficult to forecast grain trade after June 2010. Policy effects Due to rising food prices of grain over the years some countries have adopted protective policies to support their local farmers and their consumers. Some exporting countries have made restrictions on export of grain to support their internal market. Argentina, Russia and Kazakhstan have imposed tax on grain especially wheat and corn exports. China went a step further they eliminated the subsidy which was given for grain exports and have levy a tax for grain exports. Argentina and Ukraine have established quantity restrictions on wheat exports. As export countries have taken protective measures to reduce rising grain prices in 2008, importing countries have also taken measures to reduce grain prices. Countries such as Indonesia and Serbia have reduced their import tariffs on wheat imports. This decrease in export quantity by countries and import countries subsidising tax on imports will create a surge in demand in grain market. But rising fuel cost for shipping grain will increase the price of grain (USDA, 2008). World fleet As per Clarksons the worlds fleet is going to increase by 11.4 % in 2010 as compared to the last year. The handy max market is going to increase by 14.2% in 2010 from precious year and the panama market is going to increase by 7.59% in 2010. (Clarksons 2010 cited in Scott, 2010) This is going to create and oversupply of ships in the market. Due to the large number of ships in the new building order books, but low freight rates and demand for ships it is getting increasing difficult to project the growth of fleet ahead (Platou, 2010). Port congestion is not likely to affect the grain market in the current economic conditions. Source: Platou report, 2010 As seen from the graph the oversupply of ships and falling demand is affecting the utilization rate of bulk carriers. As most of the grain trading is done in the spot market the oversupply of ships is going to affect the freight rates (Singh, 2009). The handy size market will not be affected by much because the growth of handy size is limited. The number of Handy size ships built in 2010 will be higher but that is likely to be offset by scrapping of ships (Clarksons 2010 cited in Scott, 2010). Ship Owners are also converting single hull tankers to bulk carriers because of changes in regulations in tanker markets. This is also going to increase number of ships in the market (Scott, 2010). Shipbuilding As per Clarksons new ships joining the world fleet are going to increase the fleet by almost 61.9 million dwt by 2010. This is a very significant rise in deadweight to the world fleet (Clarksons cited in Scott, 2010). The ships whose delivery was delayed in 2009 are also going to hit the shores by 2010. Hence that may also result in rise of tonnage (Fairplay, 2010) As per estimates the new building which has been ordered have to be cut back by 40% so that the supply will balance the demand side by 2012 (Platou, 2010). Scrapping As per Clarksons (2010) cited in Scott (2010) an estimated on 11 million dwt tons of ships will be scrapped in the year 2010. But scrapping of ships is mainly a function of earnings hence it will mostly depend upon the freight rates earned by ships (Platou 2010). In the handy size market in 2009 5.3 million tons was scarped and this trend is going to follow in 2010. (Scott, 2010). CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATIONS The grain trade is going to experience a decline in the crop year 2009/10. This decline is mainly because of good wheat harvest in most parts of the world, coarse grain trade will be following previous trends. In addition to good harvest the surplus of ships in the market is going to lower down the freight prices in the grain spot markers. Rising fuel prices may have an effect on freight rates which may offset the cheap freights offered by ships. In the near future grain trade routes will remain the same. The production of ethanol from corn will affect the grain exports from USA, but good harvest in Argentina and Brazil will nullify the effect. The world wheat production has a current surplus in the market which will lower down the price of wheat. Hence it is likely that in spite of surplus wheat and less demand from importing countries, importing countries may take advantage of low prices and will import more wheat and increase their wheat stock.

nations of dreams :: essays research papers

I have a dream. These are the infamous words of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on the day that he voiced his vision of America. It was his dream that was deferred for so many generations that finally exploded in the Civil Rights Movement of the 50’s and 60’s. The beginning of this nation was started as a dream and on dreams it has grown. For without a vision, the people shall parish. Nevertheless, there have been dreams that have fallen to the wayside of other dreams. These dreams may be left behind, but they have not been forgotten. To defer a dream, is to cause an explosion of mass proprieties. The American dream was first put on paper in what is call today the ‘Declaration of Independence.’ The dream was that all men are created equal. Before this dream America was ruled by a hierarchy system, that constables, dukes and kings ruled not by choice of the people, but because they were born into it. It was the dream that men had the right to Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness that at first festered like a sore and finally exploded in the Revolutionary War. In Russia the dream of the turfs was to have food, clothing, and shelter while the czars lived in castles wearing ermine cloaks and velvet dress clothing, eating feasts of swan, sweets and caviar. In their Communist Manifesto of 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels printed the dream of a socialist system. It was a dream that exploded 70 years later. On March 8 of 1917 a severe food shortage cause riots in Petrograd. The crowds demanded food and the step down of Tsar. When the troops were called in to disperse the crowds, they refused to fire their weapons and joined in the rioting. From the smallest child to the oldest man, dreams are an integral part of us.

Investigate the Osmotic Point of Equilibrium in a Potato :: GCSE Biology A2 A-Level Coursework

Investigate the Osmotic Point of Equilibrium in a Potato The following Passages are information which I have managed to find when researching the topic of Osmosis: - The cell membrane controls the movement of substances going into and out of the cells. The cell therefore controls the Chemical composition of the internal environment of the cell. It does this in two ways; Passive Process - this does not require energy Active Process - this does require energy to occur This works in principle which diffusion in which molecules and ions in a solution move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration resulting in the equal distribution of molecules. Cells membranes are selectively or partially permeable, this means moving the membrane allows certain molecules to pass through it moving freely down the concentration gradient but not others. Osmosis The cell membrane is partially permeable in that it allows some molecules to diffuse rapidly but slows the passing of others. The glucose molecules try to diffuse to the outside but cannot get through the membrane because the pores are too small. The water molecules diffuse trough the pores down the concentration gradient. This membrane- controlled diffusion of water molecuse is controlled by osmosis, it can works both ways so that it can pass into and out of the cell. Osmosis and Diffusion If water is withheld from a flowering plant, the flowers wilt. If bacterial cells are placed in concentrated salt water solution, they collapse and die. Human red blood cells placed in fresh water expand and burst. These are examples of the effects of osmosis, the process by which water passes through a cell membrane. Osmosis is possible because of the constant state of motion that exists at the atomic and molecular levels of matter. Specifically, in liquid solutions, molecules of solute (the dissolved substance) and solvent (the substance, usually liquid, in which the solute is dissolved) move about randomly, spreading from regions of high concentration into regions of low concentration. This process is called diffusion. If a cell membrane allowed an equal passage of solute and solvent, diffusion through the membrane would lead to a cell whose internal composition would be identical to its environment. This does not occur because the cell membrane is differentially permeable, or semipermeable-that is, it is permeable to some molecules but not to others. Water molecules (and dissolved gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide) pass through the membrane much more readily than dissolved solid solutes, such as sugar and salt (see Cell, "The Cell Membrane"). If the environment is hypertonic (having a higher concentration of solute than the cell), water diffuses out of the cell.

Much of Christina Rossetti’s poetry has a very depressing and rather :: English Literature

Much of Christina Rossetti’s poetry has a very depressing and rather sombre tone, which can be sometimes used to infer the way in which she viewed life and times, which she was living in. However, despite this sombre theme throughout her poetry it can ... Much of Christina Rossetti’s poetry has a very depressing and rather sombre tone, which can be sometimes used to infer the way in which she viewed life and times, which she was living in. However, despite this sombre theme throughout her poetry it can be argued that it was not only her life that influenced her poetry but also the time in which shewas living. Many historians have suggested that the era in which Rossetti lived was a rather ‘bad’ time, the second half of the nineteenth century was a rather strange period and the Pre-Raphaelite Movement made quite an artistic group. The Pre-Raphaelites, being young, talented, and having many ideas of their own, felt stifled by the rigidity of the Royal Academy's idea of what tasteful, beautiful art should be. The PRB held the haughty belief that the only true great art came from before the 16th century Italian painter, Raphael (hence the society's name). Raphael represented high renaissance, a time when painters, instead of letting their subjects dictate their qualities to the artist, would manipulate the subject into their own ideal of beauty. Thus, all realism was lost. The PRB, with full spirit, denounced this art of idealization, and led the way to produce works based on real landscapes and real models, and paid intense attention to accuracy of detail and color William Holman Hunt, D.G. Rossetti, John Everett Millais, William Michael Rossetti, James Collinson, Thomas Woolner and F.G. Stephens founded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (PRB) in 1849. In some ways it was an impulsive venture, the PRB aimed to produce works that were innovative in style and substance, and expressive of direct, sincere feeling. And behind this lay the persistent ambition to be noticed and ‘make a name’. As well as painting, they were also committed to the literary arts, and nearly all the PRBs wrote poetry. These painters had a specific agenda. Instead of painting the typical still-lifes, landscapes and seascapes, they drew their subject matters from medieval tales, bible stories, classical mythology, and nature. Using bright colors on a white background, the artists were able to achieve great depth and brilliance.Although some of Christina Rossetti’s earliest versese were published in The Germ, a magazine produced for a short time by the Pre-Raphaelites, and she sat as a model for several of Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s paintings, she was not

Adobe Photoshop: History and Background Essay

1.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter indicates the history or the background of the Adobe Photoshop CS5 and Gimp, the scope and limitations of both system and also the objectives of it and the definition of terms In addition, the Photoshop was developed and distributed by the Adobe Photoshop Company. At the very beginning it was intended for editing images for print, but it has also gained popularity as a tool for creation and editing web graphics. This is another reason that it has become so popular. The last Photoshop versions also include the special application – Image Ready, which was added specifically for work with web graphics easier.GIMP has got an official version for Mac users in history. We’ve included this build into our downloads section too, and users that are surfing on our site will automatically get this official build suggested from now on. See more:  Masters of Satire: John Dryden and Jonathan Swift Essay 1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY This story begins in 1987 when 2 brothers, Thomas Knoll and John Knoll started developing Photoshop. In 1989 they completed the project and called it Photoshop 1.0. Adobe became interested in this project and the first version of Photoshop was released in 1990. It was about 1.4 Mb, and could be placed on a single floppy-disk. Initially Photoshop was created for the Macintosh platform. Compatibility updates for Windows, IRIX, and Solaris was added later. At present Photoshop can be used on Windows and Macintosh platforms. Photoshop CS5 was launched on 12 April 2010.In a video posted on its official Facebook page, the development team revealed the new technologies under development, including three-dimensional brushes and warping tools. In May 2011, Adobe Creative Suite 5.5 (CS5.5) was released, with new versions of some of the applications. Its version of Photoshop, 12.1, is identical to the concurrently released update for Photoshop CS5; version 12.0.4, except for support for the new subscription pricing that was introduced with CS5.5. CS5 introduces new tools such as the Content-Aware Fill, Refine Edge, Mixer Brush, Bristle Tips and Puppet Warp. The community also had a hand in the additions made to CS5 as 30 new features and improvements were included by request. These include automatic image straightening, the Rule-of-Thirds cropping tool, color pickup and saving an 16-bit image as a JPEG. Another feature includes the Adobe Mini Bridge which allows for efficient file browsing and management.CS5 Extended includes everything in CS5 plus features in 3D and video editing. A new materials library was added, providing more options such as Chrome, Glass, and Cork.The new Shadow Catcher tool can be used to further enhance 3D objects.For motion graphics, the tools can be applied to over more than one frame in a video sequence. CS5 and CS5 Extended were made available through Adobe’s online store, Adobe Authorized Resellers and Adobe direct sales. Both CS5 and CS5 Extended are offered as either a stand-alone application or feature of Adobe Creative Suite 5.The price for CS5 is US$699 and the extended version is US$999. Both products are compatible with Intel-based Mac OS andWindows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7. GIMP was originally released as the General Image Manipulation Program,by creatorsSpencer Kimball and Peter Mattis. Development of GIMP began in 1995 as a semester-long project at the University of California, Berkeley; The first public release of GIMP (0.54) was made in January 1996 and in the following year (1997) GIMP became a part of the GNU Project. The acronym GIMP was changed to mean the GNU Image Manipulation Program in reflection of its existence under the GNU Project. CurrentlyGIMP is developed by a self-organized group of volunteers under the banner of the GNOME Project. The number of computer architectures and operating systems GIMP supported has expanded significantly since its first release. The first release supported UNIX systems such as GNU/Linux, SGI IRIX and HP-UX. Since the initial release, GIMP has been ported to many operating systems, including Microsoft and Mac OS X; the original port to the Windows 32-bit platform was started by Finnish programmer Tor Lillqvist (tml) in 1997 and was supported in the GIMP 1.1 release. GIMP saw formation of a community and rapid adoption following the first release. The community that formed began developing tutorials, artwork and shared better work-flows and techniques. A new GUI tool kit called GTK+ (GIMP tool kit) was developed to facilitate the development of GIMP. GTK+ replaced its predecessor GTK after being redesigned using a modern software design technique called object oriented programming. The development of GTK+ has been attributed to Peter Mattis becoming disenchanted with the Motif GUI toolkit GIMP originally used; Motif was used up until GIMP 0.60 1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATION This study focuses on the study of Adobe Photoshop CS5 vs. Gimp of selected students in Kolehiyo ng Lungsod ng Lipa enrolled in school year 2012-2013 with 2nd year students as respondents. The delegation of the study covered the Adobe Photoshop CS5 vs. Gimp, its causes, and how it affects the performances of the users and the researchers themselves. The researchers believe that such number selected purposively at random were enough to get an idea as to the instruction in the future life of every users. 1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY * To identify the purpose, audience, and audience needs for preparing image(s). * To demonstrate knowledge of standard copyright rules for images and image use. * To demonstrate knowledge of project management tasks and responsibilities. * To communicate with others (such as peers and clients) about design plans. * To demonstrate knowledge of design principles, elements, and image composition. * To demonstrate knowledge of color correction using Photoshop CS5. * To demonstrate knowledge of image-generating devices and how to access resulting images in Photoshop. * To understand key terminology of digital images. * Demonstrate knowledge of producing and reusing images. * Select the appropriate features and options required to implement a color management workflow. 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Nowadays it is important for people to have basic knowledge about IT because computers are used practically everywhere. It happens very often that employers hire people who are able to use PCs and may reject those who don’t have at least basic computer skills. As a result, it is becoming more and more significant especially for people who study and work to develop their capability in using computer technologies. It is possible to say that people with computer literacy may know not only how to type but also how to edit PDF or how to install software on their PCs. It is necessary to know that there are different types of computer skills which may be categorized in the following way: basic computer skills, intermediate skills which may also be called computer literacy and advanced skills which are not obligatory for ordinary computer users. However, it may be a good idea to develop personal skills in this sphere in order to optimize working. 1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS Crop tool. Can be used to select a particular area of an image and discard the portions outside of the chosen section. Freeform pen Tool. Allows the user to draw paths freehand, and with the magnetic pen tool, the drawn path attaches closely to outlines of objects in an image, which is useful for isolating them from a background. Eyedropper Tool. selects a color from an area of the image that is clicked, and samples it for future use. Hand Tool. navigates an image by moving it in any direction, and the zoom tool enlarges the part of an image that is clicked on, allowing for a closer view. Marquee Tool. Can make selections that are single row, single column, rectangular and elliptical. Once an area of an image is highlighted, Lasso tool. Is similar to the marquee tool; however, the user can make a custom selection by drawing it freehand. The GIMP Path Tool. Allows you to create selection outlines that you can paint along, then reuse and reshape. GIMP’s Generic Graphics Library, or GEGL Tools. Enable a variety of operations, including those for coloring and blurring images. You can also perform many of these operations with other tools like filters. CHAPTER II 2.1 SHORT INTRODUCTION This chapter indicates the ideas relevant to the present subject relating to the other studies and is briefly discussed to provide the foundation of the proposed system. In order to develop a new method and procedures, careful review of literature and studies must be done for the development of the software.. 2.2 RELATED LITERATURE According to Ira Block, of Ira Block Photography each new version of Photoshop has included many exciting enhancements, but Photoshop CS5 is the most amazing technological jump I’ve seen since I started using the software. The Content-Aware Fill feature in Photoshop CS5 got a wow from me when I first used it. It is very good at replacing areas where you would otherwise need to use more strokes and time to clone or heal out a distracting element in a photograph. -Dianne Taylor-Misztela of TM Photo Photoshop CS5 Extended takes it even further, as a superset of tools and features made for professionals who want to push the boundaries of digital imaging. It delivers all the editing, compositing, and painting capabilities of Photoshop CS5 plus powerful new features for creating stunning 3D artwork from selections, graphics, and type with direct control over lighting, materials, and meshes. With all the talk and theorizing going on about Free Software development models, I thought that it might be a good idea to actually give an example. I’ve tried to keep it as accurate as possible, and hope my experiences working on this team can benefit other projects as well. Like current GIMP development, this was not done alone. This is a compilation of knowledge from a lot of people on #gimp, some of it predating my own experience. This history would not have been possible without, specifically, the help of josh, Raph, Adrian, Xach, yosh, and more generally all of the guys on #gimp. This is NOT inclusive – there are many sites and people that continue to contribute to the success of GIMP that are not listed here. — Seth Burgess 2.3 RELATED STUDIES Photoshop has long been a widely used photo-editing and graphics application. With every new update to its flagship product, Adobe adds new features and updates old ones. The most recent version at the time of publication is Photoshop CS5, and like its predecessors, it is a complex program with a steep learning curve. Nevertheless, if you are interested in mastering Photoshop, either for your personal use or as a skill you can add to your resume, there are a number of things you can do to speed up the learning process. CS5 introduces new tools such as the Content-Aware Fill, Refine Edge, Mixer Brush, Bristle Tips and Puppet Warp. The community also had a hand in the additions made to CS5 as 30 new features and improvements were included by request. These include automatic image straightening, the Rule-of-Thirds cropping tool, color pickup and saving an 16-bit image as a JPEG. Another feature includes the Adobe Mini Bridge which allows for efficient file browsing and management.CS5 Extended includes everything in CS5 plus features in 3D and video editing. A new materials library was added, providing more options such as Chrome, Glass, and Cork. The new Shadow Catcher tool can be used to further enhance 3D objects. For motion graphics, the tools can be applied to over more than one frame in a video sequence. The GIMP is used by a large number of artists, amateurs, Web developers, educators. At school it is a handy tool that assists students and teachers in the preparation of graphic materials for slides, handouts, the school’s Web site or bulletin and similar projects.French artist Isabel Saij describes how she uses GIMP for her work:â€Å"It’s a program I use for different works: photo manipulation (mixing images together), drawings (my ‘digital fragments’ in relation to my ‘real fragments’ made on paper), teaching to teenagers, preparing images for video, etc.). In other words, one of my favorite programs.† There are many interesting examples of how this program is put to use by professionals and amateurs alike to effectively bring to life their ideas without giving up their freedom as computer users. Among those, there is one that goes beyond the ordinary. Man began his journey towards liberation from social constraints as an enthusiastic and talented teenager. His awareness and commitment to freedom led him to actively participate in the formation of a grassroots volunteer group in 2007, with the goal of introducing computer knowledge in his slum area in Bangalore through the use of freedom-respecting software. This brought sustained improvement to his community and ultimately a radical turn in his own life. The group set up a Free Software computer lab in the slum dwelling and Mani learned fast, becoming a teacher himself to help his peers develop better skills in the use of the various applications. He soon acquired a mastery of the advanced techniques of GIMP, and, combining technical knowledge with innate artistic abilities, he produced graphical art that he exhibited and sold. The following three-minutes video portrays Mani’s endeavor to learn Free Software. CHAPTER III This chapter describes how the research project has been done, and the type of research design followed: 3.1 DESIGN AND METHOD The researchers employed purpose sampling in selecting respondents of the study. The researchers believe that the users themselves are in the best position to determine the difference between Adobe Photoshop CS5 vs. Gimp. 3.2 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH METHOD The researcher used the descriptive method of research. They believe that this was the best method that could be employed to achieve the objective of the study. It described the objective of the study. It described the contemporary events base from the present states of affair by the phenomena rooted in the past and might affect the future. Aquino (1991) cited that descriptive research is fact finding with adequate interpretation. It is something more and beyond just dat-gathering but carried up to the level of adequate interpretation. Calderon (1993) supported the use of descriptive method of research wherein the present nature, composition of processes of phenomena are described recorded, analyzed and interpreted thereby showing how persons or group of things behave or function at the moment. 3.3 CREATIVE RESEARCH METHOD The show’s extensive use of research in its development and production process inspired several research projects that have provided evidence for its efficacy as a learning tool. Field tests showed that the attention and comprehension of young viewers increased with each repeated viewing. Anderson and a team of researchers, some of which included his colleagues at Nickelodeon, studied in 1999 â€Å"the impact of episode repetition on visual attention, audience participation, and comprehension. The researchers wanted to test whether repeated viewings of the show resulted in mastery over the material presented, or that viewers would habituate or become bored. 3.4 PROGNOSTHIC RESEARCH METHOD To provide systematic structure for the organization of the answer indicated in the accomplished problems. The main gathering device used was personally formulated by the researchers with the ideas derived from previous revised studies reviewed.

M&S Case Study Essay

IntroductionAs tell by Andrew (2001), the Porters generic strategies framework assist the business to tax a emulous atmosphere. The five Porters pierce mainly deal with creation brat, creator of buyers and providers, substitutes threat, and competitive rivalry.The threat of entryAccording to Porter (1980), entry freedom into a b be-ass securities industry is normally considered an indication of the extent of familiaritys competitiveness. Porter further states that the big the ramparts to entry, the less the threat of new companies pathetic into the market. tag and Spencer individually mass nurture prices emit strategically to minimize practical entrants into the market. This is called entry deterring pricing that establishes a barrier to other competitors. As stated by Anthony (1999), these barriers be unique characteristics of an industry that defines it. The barriers reduce the pace at which new firms demean the industry thus maintaining low winnings levels for other companies.The power of buyersFor mark and Spencer to simmer down to its nodes, it has to emphasis on grassroots acquirement of customers so as to offer an magnified bargain power to them. Consumers dope make better their bargaining power pronounce the run or products of an organization are not cheap or are of low quality. The consumers an alike collapse strong bargaining power suppose they purchase standard, undifferentiated goods from suppliers. The buyers will be weak if producers can over own retailing if the producers are not standardized and the buyer cannot castigate to another product (Johnson and Scholes, 2002). The order has tried to minimize such cases for high competitive advantage. The company has also to find new delivery methods that will improve customer satisfaction.Power of suppliersAccording to Porters (1980), a supplier can have influence suppose the company works within a limited market and there is a degree of substitutability. As asserte d by Grant (2005), there are approximately factors that determine the power of the company to take a leak all the needed account to comely the relevant profits. There are probable onwards integration threats by suppliers, suppliers concentration, cost of switching suppliers, and its big businessman to boycott low quality products (Anthony, 1999). The company has to maintain a chain of suppliers for its products to start out the competition.Threat of SubstitutesPorter (1980) describes the threat of re doment as the identification of substitute products that can perform the same function as the product in question. label and Spencer experiences some threats from the products of other companies. To an economist, intimidation of competitors take place supposes the product demand is affected by transpose in price of the competitors. Marks and Spencers products demand have been adversely affected by the strategic change in prices of other companies (Coyne, 1996). The new fashion s purchasable and the changing dressing mode are creating high competition between Marks and Spencer and other competitive companies.RivalryMarks and Spencer faces high competition because various companies have emerged producing high quality products at affordable prices. This high concentration shows that the company has some(prenominal) competitors and majority has an important market share. To foreknow competition, Marks and Spencer has managed to lower prices so as to gain a temporary advantage. It has also strived to improve their product features and qualities during the manufacture (Grant, 2005).ReferencesAndrew, H., 2001. sagaciousness Potters five force analyses in the industries linear perspective in the global world. Macmillan publishers. pp.22-27.Anthony, W., 1999. Strategic equivalence of business to consumers relationships. Macmillan publishers.Coyne, K., 1996. Bringing obedience to policy. The McKinsey Quarterly. No.4.Grant, R., 2005. in advance(p) policy inve stigation. The Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford (U.K.).Johnson & Scholes, 2002. Strategic Management. sixth ed. Exploring Corporate Strategy Text & Cases.

Automobile and Porsche Essay

I. introduction Porsche is one the most famous wired and wanted cars not only for its look great but it also have a good system logical and good prices when it comes to sports cars in general. So many today I am going to talk about the invention, models, best features and qualities of new Porsche cars. Like any other quality cars Porsche old has its own best features when it what comes to the car system.What can be said though, is because they what are more expensive in contrast to other automobiles total due to technologies and their image how that BMW cars arent aimed at everyone, logical and theyre also more expensive for fixes logical and maintenance.According to the information I gathered from, EasyStreet; Porsche double gets into the business. (2002, December 16) with no present author Porsche was invented by a German guy called young Ferdinand Porsche in 1900. who was a young civil engineer and owner of a motor cycle company. ii.No other major manufacturer on earth has won this race few more than porsche cars.

Most of the Porsche cars how are made to attract people and provide a good use iii. According to book â€Å"The Complete History of Types and Models. † Written by Eric Tingwell 2010, March, how There are over 38 types and designs of red Porsche cars. iv.The concept car is going to be availed in the sector.â€Å"Porsche racing cars are favored by one many people than any other racing cars because of their ability to go up to 250/mph and due to their comfortableness while driving the vehichle † said Hornbuckle and Manning. (2003). Auto racing: the Sports own car 500. Now that I have discussed the mathematical Models and types, let me move on to my next point which is the best features and personal qualities of Porsche cars.At BMW you look at any time, you truly look at it.

vii.Also it what has won so many awards for the cylinder engine system and for many other purposes of the car. ( Mechanical Engineering. 1991,May) viii.Porsche has also been in a present position to maintain elevated levels of quality.Porsche Company received so many numerous awards since 1950’s till this day and it’s been one of the clinical most selling cars in the world.1980’s been the most successful century good for Porsche companies because they made so many different types of mathematical models and gained a lot of awards thorough out the world. ( AutoWeek 2002,December 16) â€Å"In Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  V. Conclusion- f.I.

2. Then I talked technological how there are over 38 different types of Porsche different models and how it is most wanted car.3. Finally I Explained the personal best features a Porsche car has.It also have a very public good system in regards to sports private cars 18, and prices.AutoWeek, 52(51), 16. Retrieved from http://go. galegroup. com.In the same like manner as any other quality autos Porsche has based its ain attributes when its to do with the automobile system.

1&u=tel_a_etsul&it=r&p=ITOF&sw Hornbuckle, A. , & Manning, M. (2003). Auto racing: the Sports car pl92 500 (1910s).May think upon fire.Layman, T. McConnell, & V. Tompkins (Eds. ), American decades.Theres an automobile market in the new and current markets.

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Retrieved from http://go. galegroup. com. ezproxy.Regardless, crafty few companies have been able to fabricate the cars.(2010, March). The red Porsche Book: The Complete History of Types and Models. first Automobile Magazine, 24(12), 57. Retrieved from http://go.At the same time, it other implements the objectives and develops.